石油类污染物自然衰减能力现场试验验证研究

在北京地区某加油站开展的前期石油类污染物自然衰减现场试验的基础上,进一步开展了验证试验,结果表明本次试验得到的挥发性有机物(VOCs)变化趋势及O2、CO2含量沿土壤深度分布和前期试验结果呈现相同的规律,说明基于自然衰减法设计实施的加油站现场试验检测分析结果可靠,试验方法具有合理性、可操作性及可重复性.进一步的理论分析对前期试验结果进行了验证,得出以下结论:(1)通过氧平衡和碳平衡计算对加油站土壤内的自然衰减方式进行评价,验证了该加油站地下土壤中实际发生的微生物降解既有需氧降解也有厌氧降解；(2)利用有机物的一级衰减模型对该污染现场土壤中石油类污染物的降解速率和半衰期进行计算表明,2次试验计算得到的石油类污染物的半衰期基本一致,该污染现场石油类污染物的半衰期为50 d左右；(3)在此基础上,对该加油站包气带土壤的自然衰减能力和环境质量进行评价,2次试验结果均表明该污染现场在自然衰减的作用下已经不存在环境风险.     

气候变化经济学研究综述

对近10 a来国内外有关气候变化经济学研究成果作了综述。气候变化经济学是一门研究人类干预气候变化过程中涉及经济过程的学科。当前的研究热点包括气候变化的经济影响、适应措施的成本和收益、国际合作机制和涉及代际公平的折现率选取。 在研究方法上，对得到广泛运用的成本收益分析法和碳税机制作了详细的评述。在应用层面上，欧美发达国家在城市气候变化经济评估系统建立和碳税征收方面都有成功的应用，但我国在这方面的实践还处于起步阶段。对于我国气候变化经济学领域的研究来说，比较适合在发达省份以市域或省域为单位开展成本收益评估，发展中省份则应将更多关注放在评估气候变化可能造成的经济损害及相应的防范措施。此外，我国也应关注在欧盟地区实施较为成功的碳税政策，虽然目前在中国开征碳税的可能性较低，但是对碳税在中国实施的可行性、税率选取及立法保障机制等方面的探讨和研究仍是必要的     

高铁酸盐处理有机废水的研究进展

综述了高铁酸盐去除水中藻类、细菌、烃类衍生物、药品、农药、染料等有机污染物的国内外最新研究进展,并对高铁酸盐的高效利用进行了探讨。高铁酸盐可破坏藻类和细菌细胞的完整性,将大分子芳香烃衍生物氧化为低毒的小分子中间体,将小分子链烃衍生物矿化,破坏药品、农药及染料的不饱和双键。无机矿物在溶液中负载高铁酸盐或将高分子有机物与固体高铁酸盐混合造粒,将是高铁酸盐高效利用领域的研究热点。     

合肥市乡村旅游市场研究

以合肥市民为研究对象,用问卷调查的方法收集基础数据,采用EXCEL软件进行统计。分析认为,合肥市乡村旅游市场存在着市民出游意愿强烈、出游动机凸显休闲度假、出游频率高、旅游消费能力强、乡村旅游节庆市场知名度高等特征,指出了合肥市乡村旅游发展中存在特色不明显、淡旺季明显、旅游产业综合效益差、旅游产品缺乏深度等问题,提出了可持续发展的对策。     

基于金相分析技术的煤矿火灾事故调查试验研究

通过对矿井火灾现场特性的分析,根据金属材料的特点,提出利用金相鉴定技术进行矿井火灾事故调查的新方法,试验测定得出高温作用下40号钢和铸铁的金相组织和硬度的动态变化规律。试验结果表明,不同加热温度条件下,40号钢冷却后具有不同的金相组织,其硬度随受热温度的升高迅速下降;在相同加热温度不同受热时间条件下,40号钢的金相组织与硬度变化不明显。铸铁的硬度随加热时间的增加呈下降趋势,其金相组织也有较明显的区别。根据矿井火灾后降温较为缓慢的特点,提出灰口铸铁与白口铸铁相互转变的方向性。因此,矿井火灾事故调查可以对受到火灾破坏的金属构件的金相组织的观察和硬度测定,来"反推"出该部位在火灾时曾受过的最高温度以及持续时间,从而可推断火灾的蔓延情况,为认定起火原因和起火位置提供技术支持。     

Assessing water use and quality through youth participatory research in a rural Andean watershed

Water availability, use and quality in a rural watershed of the Colombian Andes were investigated through participatory research involving local youth. Research included the quantification of disaggregated water use at the household level; comparison of water use with availability; monitoring water quality of streams, community water intakes and household faucets; and the determination of land use – water quality interactions. Youth were involved in all aspects of the research from design to implementation, dissemination of results and remediation options. Quantification of domestic and on-farm water use, and water availability indicated that water availability was sufficient during the study period, but that only an 8% decrease in dry season supply would result in shortages. Elevated conductivity levels in the headwaters were related to “natural” bank erosion, while downstream high conductivity and coliform levels were associated with discharges from livestock stalls and poorly maintained septic tanks in the stream buffer zone. Through the involvement of youth as co-investigators, the knowledge generated by the research was appropriated at the local level. Community workshops led by local youth promoted water conservation and water quality protection practices based on research, and resulted in broader community participation in water management. The approach involving youth in research stimulated improved management of both land and water resources, and could be applied in small rural watersheds in developed or developing countries.     

河北省海岸带土壤盐渍化研究

在当今土地资源日益短缺的年代，作为一种土地资源，盐渍化土地越来越重要，越来越受到社会的普遍关注。本文通过分层采集土样，对整个河北省海岸带的土壤盐渍化进行了研究，在借鉴国内外先进经验的基础上，提出了土壤盐渍化防治和综合利用应视各国、各地具体情况而定，并指出盐渍土未来的研究趋势应以利用新技术、探寻新的改良方法及与农业生态和环境保护研究密切线合这三个方面为主。     

Knowing and Doing: Research Leading to Action in the Conservation of Forest Genetic Diversity of Patagonian Temperate Forests

Abstract:  Researchers dealing with conservation subjects usually do not put the results of their work into practice, even when the primary purpose of their research is the preservation of biodiversity. In the South American temperate forests we identified an area with the highest genetic diversity in Argentina of Nothofagus nervosa, one of the most relevant southern beech species. Based on the information of our scientific study and our recommendations, the authorities of Lanin National Park changed the protection status of this area to avoid logging. The new forestry management plans include consideration of "high genetic diversity" in decisions on where logging will be allowed. Results of our initial genetic study induced the analysis of biodiversity at the species and ecosystems levels, which yielded results similar to our genetic studies. A strong connection among researchers and managers from the onset of our study and the awareness of the former about the importance of the implementation of the research work were key to bridging the gap between conservation research and conservation practice.     

我国电力行业CO2减排技术及应用前景分析

阐述了我国燃煤电厂CO2排放现状及趋势，将CO2减排技术分为捕集与封存两个部分进行讨论，介绍了目前主要的CO2捕集与封存技术及其研究进展，并分析了各种技术的特点及其在我国电力行业的应用前景。指出电厂位置、CO2捕集方案及封存方式三者之间是相互影响、相互制约的，其中CO2去向是关键因素，处于不同地理位置的电厂需根据具体情况选择相适应的CO2捕集与封存技术的组合。探讨了各种捕集与封存技术的应用前景，建议由国家相关部门或行业支持，建设国家或行业层面的工业化试验中心或试验台。